and examine the work of bricklayers; he then restruc‐tured the tasks in a way that reduced the number of mo‐tions from 18 to 5, resulting in a 200% productivity in‐crease (Lewis, Goodman, & Fandt, 2001). Lillian Gilbrethfocused on the human aspects of industrial engineeringfor improving e�ciency and productivity. She favoredstandard days, safer working conditions, scheduled lunchbreaks and rest periods, and abolition of child labor.

Contemporary industrial engineers still use time and mo‐tion studies and the principles of scienti�c managementto design jobs for greatest e�ciency. These methods arealso employed in sports. Coaches take their playersthrough hours of videotapes along with commentary onhow to perform an action correctly with the leastamount of energy and maximum e�ect. The positionsthe players are recruited to play have been carefullymatched to individual strengths. In law enforcement, theprinciples of scienti�c management are greatly empha‐sized when designing physical strength–building rou‐tines and in training o�cers to deal with uncooperativeand dangerous o�enders. Hours of videotapes andhands-on training are used to train law enforcement o�‐cers in physically handling uncooperative o�enders andin the use of force. Every move is carefully planned andsimulated by law enforcement o�cers using task perfor‐mance and the principles of time and motion studies.

Although the traditional model of organizational design63% of sample

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